Define working capital and its significance for a firm
MANAGEMENT
ACCOUNTING
JUNE 2014
08. a) Define working
capital and its significance for a firm. 5
Answer: Working capital is a
financial metric which represents operating liquidity available to a
business, organization or other entity, including governmental entity. Along
with fixed assets such as plant and equipment, working capital is considered a
part of operating capital. Gross working capital equals to current assets.
The working capital is calculated as:
Working
Capital = Current Assets – Current
Liabilities
To operate the functions of a firm
working capital is very important. A firm is a unit of an industry to produce
the finished goods for earning profit. The importance of working capital for a
firm is as below:
01. For smooth production;
02. Sufficient stock;
03. Smooth sales;
04. Bearing regular expenses;
05. Establish as a solvent firm;
06. Earning profits;
07. Creation of goodwill;
08. Wealth maximization;
09. Protection of fixed Capital;
10. Increase credit rating.
01. For
smooth Production:
for the smooth production of a firm healthy working capital is very important.
02. Sufficient
stock: To stock
sufficient raw materials working capital is very important for a firm.
03. Smooth
sales: To sell
produced goods working capital of a firm is required.
04. Bearing
regular expenses:
Various types of expenses not even related to production bears by a firm
important to have healthy working capital.
05. Establish
as a solvent firm:
To establish as a solvent firm working capital is an important parameter to
have.
06. Earning
profit: For the
optimum level of production and sales promotion working capital of a firm is
very necessary.
07. Creation
of goodwill:
Goodwill of a firm is the asset of it. To create goodwill of the firm working
capital plays an important role.
08. Wealth
maximization:
For the accelerate production goods and services a firm can earn profit
increase day by day to enhance its wealth.
09. Protection
of fixed capital: For the well protection of the fixed capital of a
firm consistence of working capital is highly required.
10. Increase
credit rating: Credit
from a bank of financial institutions credit rating is very important. Healthy
working capital of a firm increases the credit rating.
The
aforesaid explanations denote that working capital is very important for a
firm.
08. b) Explain the factors affecting
working capital requirements. 5
Answer: The main factors affecting working capital are as
below:
01.
Nature of Business: The requirement of working capital depends on
the nature of business. The nature of business is usually of two types:
Manufacturing Business and Trading Business. In the case of manufacturing
business it takes a lot of time in converting raw material into finished goods.
Therefore, capital remains invested for a long time in raw material,
semi-finished goods and the stocking of the finished goods.
02.
Scale of Operations: There is a direct link between the
working capital and the scale of operations. In other words, more working
capital is required in case of big organizations while less working capital is
needed in case of small organizations.
03.
Business Cycle: The need for the working capital is
affected by various stages of the business cycle. During the boom period, the
demand of a product increases and sales also increase. Therefore, more working
capital is needed. On the contrary, during the period of depression, the demand
declines and it affects both the production and sales of goods. Therefore, in
such a situation less working capital is required.
04.
Seasonal Factors: Some goods are demanded throughout
the year while others have seasonal demand. Goods which have uniform demand the
whole year their production and sale are continuous. Consequently, such
enterprises need little working capital.
05.
Production Cycle: Production
cycle means the time involved in converting raw material into finished product.
Thus, more working capital will be needed. On the contrary, where period of production
cycle is little, less working capital will be needed.
06.
Credit Allowed: Those enterprises which sell goods
on cash payment basis need little working capital but those who provide credit
facilities to the customers need more working capital.
07.Credit
Avails: If raw
material and other inputs are easily available on credit, less working capital
is needed. On the contrary, if these things are not available on credit then to
make cash payment quickly large amount of working capital will be needed.
08.
Operating Efficiency: Operating
efficiency means efficiently completing the various business operations.
Operating efficiency of every organization happens to be different.
09.
Availability of Raw Materials:
Availability of raw material also influences the amount of working capital. If
the enterprise makes use of such raw material which is available easily
throughout the year, then less working capital will be required, because there
will be no need to stock it in large quantity. Reversely happened when the raw
materials are not available anytime and anywhere.
10.
Growth Prospects: Growth
means the development of the scale of business operations (production, sales,
etc.). The organizations which have sufficient possibilities of growth require
more working capital, while the case is different in respect of companies with
less growth prospects.
11.
Level of Competition: High
level of competition increases the need for more working capital. In order to
face competition, more stock is required for quick delivery and credit facility
for a long period has to be made available.
12.
Inflation: Inflation means
rise in prices. In such a situation more capital is required than before in
order to maintain the previous scale of production and sales. Therefore, with
the increasing rate of inflation, there is a corresponding increase in the
working capital.
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